Silica (SiO₂) is the main glass-forming oxide in most types of glass.
Soda ash is a flux that lowers the melting point of silica, aiding in glass formation.
Lime acts as a stabilizer that improves the durability and chemical resistance of glass.
Cobalt oxide is a colorant used to give a deep blue color to glass.
Salt cake helps remove bubbles during melting by releasing oxygen and sulfur gases.
Soda ash (Na₂CO₃) acts as a flux to reduce the high melting temperature of silica.
Alumina improves the chemical durability and strength of glass and is used as a stabilizer.
Cullet is recycled glass added to the batch to reduce energy consumption and improve melting efficiency.
Feldspar provides alkalis (Na₂O, K₂O) and alumina, making it a fluxing and stabilizing agent.
Manganese dioxide neutralizes green color from iron impurities and acts as a decolorizer.