A Geiger-Muller counter is widely used for detecting beta particles due to their moderate penetration.
Beta particles can be stopped by **thin plastic or aluminum sheets**, unlike alpha or gamma particles.
A NaI(Tl) **scintillation detector** is highly sensitive to gamma radiation.
**Gamma rays** have the highest penetration and can travel through thick materials like concrete or lead.
NaI(Tl) scintillation spectrometers are used to determine **gamma ray energy spectra** precisely.
Beta particles can be **electrons (β⁻)** or **positrons (β⁺)**, hence can be negative or positive.
**Gamma rays** are emitted when a nucleus transitions from an excited state to a lower energy state.
**Beta particles**, being charged, can be deflected by electric/magnetic fields. Gamma rays are neutral and unaffected.
**Gamma rays** are highly penetrating and require dense materials like **lead or concrete** for shielding.
A **G-M counter** can detect both beta and gamma radiation effectively.